Section: Article
April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? The Perils of a Protracted Transition
Read the full essay here.
April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? The Ravages of “Market Bolshevism”
Read the full essay here.
April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? Forcing the Pace of Democratization
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April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? The Haunting Presence of Marxism-Leninism
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April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? The Feudalization of the State
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April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? Controlling The Military-A Partial Success
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April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? The Roots of the Economic Crisis
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April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? The Problem of Fiscal Federalism
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April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
What Went Wrong in Russia? Creating Perverse Incentives
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April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
Latin America: Beyond “Democratic Consolidation”
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
The Post-Cold War World: Integration and Disintegration
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
The Post-Cold War World: Globalization and the International System
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
The Post-Cold War World: Can Colombia Cope?
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Eastern Europe a Decade Later: Another Great Transformation
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Eastern Europe a Decade Later: The Postcommunist Divide
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Eastern Europe a Decade Later: Victory Defeated
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Eastern Europe a Decade Later: Reassessing the Revolutions of 1989
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Eastern Europe a Decade Later: Geography and Democratic Destiny
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Eastern Europe a Decade Later: Slovakia’s Democratic Awakening
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Eastern Europe a Decade Later: A New Phase in Czech Politics
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Parties and Accountability in the Philippines
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January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Nigeria: An End to the Permanent Transition
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Liberal Voices from China
The Editors’ introduction to “Liberal Voices from China.”
October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Liberal Voices from China: The Hong Kong Example
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Liberal Voices from China: A Program for Democratic Reform
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Liberal Voices from China: Liberalism, Equal Status, and Human Rights
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
George Washington and the Founding of Democracy
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Is Ethiopia Democratic?
The Editors’ introduction to “Is Ethiopia Democratic?”
October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Is Ethiopia Democratic? A Political Success Story
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Is Ethiopia Democratic? Oldspeak vs. Newspeak
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Is Ethiopia Democratic? A Bureaucratic Authoritarian Regime
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Free Politics and Free Markets in Latin America
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
The New Military Autonomy in Latin America
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October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
South Africa’s Emerging Dominant-Party Regime
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July 1998, Volume 9, Issue 3
India Defies the Odds: Enduring Another Election
Indians appear to love the practice of democracy so much that they are in danger of overdoing it. In February and March of 1998, the world's largest democracy held its twelfth general election since gaining its independence a half-century ago. The voting was largely fair and peaceful. New, right-of-center rulers led by the Bharatiya Janata…
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
The Limits of Authoritarian AI
Artificial intelligence is often seen as a silver bullet for authoritarians, a breakthrough technology making repression cheaper, faster, and more precise. But it has inherent weaknesses, and dictators can’t escape these dilemmas.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
The Rise of Authoritarian Middle Powers
The world’s “middle powers” were once bastions of defense for a liberal rules-based international order. But no more. A new kind of authoritarian middle power has emerged, undermining democratic norms and safeguards.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
Democracy’s Troubles Should Be No Surprise
Democracy’s present difficulties were predictable. History and older theories of democratic stability should have prepared us for both democratic backsliding and the vulnerability of Western democracy we are experiencing today.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
Why Elected Leaders Subvert Democracy
Today, the principal challenge to democracy is coming not from coups but from democratic erosion driven by elected leaders. What is behind this shift, and how can prodemocracy forces push back?
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
How Courts Undermine Democracy
The judiciary is widely assumed to defend democracy. Yet in reality, even when independent of elected governments, courts can endanger democracy—sometimes by enabling executives and sometimes by aggressively fighting them.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
When Populism Can Be Good
Populism is too often treated as if it is all one thing. But what if populist politics and democratic backsliding didn’t have to go together? A closer look reveals two kinds of populism, one of which is less threatening to liberal democracy.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
How to Secure Venezuelan Democracy
Venezuela has a path to democracy, but it requires dismantling the old regime. María Corina Machado, the country’s true democratic leader, must signal her credibility as a moderate through a framework of transitional justice. It won’t be perfect justice, but it is Venezuela’s best hope.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
Pluralism, Polarization, and Political Voyeurism
Decentralized governance allows communities to enact policies that reflect their values. But in the digital age, when news spreads far and fast, what’s happening in one place may inflame citizens’ attitudes thousands of miles away, magnifying political differences and division.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
How Global Illiberalism Damages Democracy
Oppositions resisting autocrats or antidemocratic incumbents could once get help internationally. But the space for democracy promotion has narrowed, while oppositions face divisions within their own ranks over how to best fight back.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
Georgia: Between Democracy and Autocracy
Georgian society has long aspired to join the West, but the ruling party—led by the country’s richest man—is dragging the country closer to Vladimir Putin’s Russia. Georgians are still resisting, but can they halt their country’s authoritarian slide?
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
Honduras’s Missed Opportunity
An opposition party that swept into power with a 2021 electoral win was swept out by voters four years later. It failed to deliver on its promises and was beset by the same authoritarian leanings of those it had replaced.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
Pakistan’s New Military Tutelage
The military has long had the final say in Pakistani politics. In response to Imran Khan’s populist surge, the military adapted, making use of selective repression and writing its control more deeply into the country’s institutions.
April 2026, Volume 37, Issue 2
Why We Elect Former Dictators and Their Children
Over the last half-century, a surprising share of new democracies have put their former dictators, or the children of those dictators, back in power. What explains the electoral success of these “dictocrats” and “dictobrats”?
