Civil Society in Africa

Since a tenuous political opening a decade ago, the Mubarak regime has systematically asphyxiated democracy in Egypt.

Democratic and ecnomic development will become sustainable in sub-Saharan Africa only with the emergence of coherent, legitimate and effective states.

Staffan Lindberg replies to Matthijs Bogaards’s critique, finding the latter’s methodology problematic and arguing that the evidence for association between repeated elections and democratization remains strong.