Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes
Larry Diamond
Journal of Democracy, April 2002
Appendix Table 2
Election Results in Hybrid Regimes, 1989-2001
|
Country |
FH Rank[1] |
Year |
Parties |
Number of Seats |
Percent of popular vote |
|
Algeria |
5.5 |
1987 Legislative /295 1995 Presidential 1997 Legislative /380 1999 Presidential |
National Liberation Front (only legal party) Liamine Zeroual Sheikh Mahfoud Nahna (Islamic Hamas) National Democratic Rally Movement for a Society of
Peace National
Liberation Front Renaissance
Movement Socialist
Forces Front Rally for Culture and
Democracy Workers’ Party Progressive Republican
Party Union for Democracy and
Liberty Social Liberal Party Independents Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi |
295 156 69 62 34 20 19 4 3 1 1 11 |
61%[2] 25% 73.8% 12.5% |
|
Angola |
6 |
1986 Legislative 289 1992 Presidential 1992 Legislative /220 |
Popular Liberation
Movement of Angola- Party of Labor (MPLA-PT) (only legal party) Jose
Eduardo dos Santos (MPLA-PT) Jonas
Savimbi (UNITA) Popular Liberation Movement
of Angola- Party of Labor (MPLA-PT) National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) Social Renewal Party National Front for the
Liberation of Angola Liberal Democratic Party Angolan Democratic Forum Angolan National
Democratic Party Democratic Alliance of
Angola Democratic Party for
Progress-Angolan National Alliance Democratic Renewal Party Party of the Alliance of
Youths, Workers, and Farmers of Angola Social Democratic Party |
289 129 70 6 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
49.57% 40.07% 54% 34% |
|
Antigua and Barbuda |
3 |
1989 Legislative /17 1994 Legislative /17 1999 Legislative /17 |
Antigua Labor Party
(ALP) United National
Democratic Party Barbuda People’s Movement Antigua Labor Party
(ALP) United Progressive
Party Barbuda People’s Movement
Antigua Labor Party
(ALP) United Progressive
Party Barbuda People’s Movement |
15 1 1 11 5 1 12 4 1 |
|
|
Armenia |
4 |
1995
Parliamentary[3] /190 1996
Presidential 1998
Presidential 1999
Legislative /131 |
Republic Bloc Shamiran Women’s
Movement Armenian Communist
Party National Democratic Union
of Armenia National Self-Determination
Union Armenia Revolutionary
Federation Independents Vacant Levon Ter-Petrosian (Republic Bloc) Vasken Manukian (Democratic Union) Robert Kocharian
(independent) Karen Demirchian (Civil
Initiative) Unity Bloc Communist Party (HKK) Armenian Revolutionary
Federation (HHD) Right and Unity Bloc Country of Law National Democratic Union
(AZhM) |
120 8 7 5 3 1 45 1 57 10 8 7 6 6 |
42.7% 16.9% 12.1% 7.5% 5.6% 52% 42% 59.5% 40.5% |
|
Azerbaijan |
5.5 |
1992
Presidential 1993
Presidential 1995/6
Legislative /125 1998
Presidential 2000
Legislative /125 |
Abdulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev New Azerbaijan Party
(YAP) Azerbaijan Popular Front Azerbaijan National
Independence Party New Muslim Democratic
Party Vacant Heydar Aliyev (New
Azerbaijan Party) Etibar Mamedov
(Azerbaijan National Independence Party) Nizami Suleymanov
(Independent Azerbaijan Party) New Azerbaijan Party
(YAP) Azerbaijan Popular Front
(AKC) Citizen’s Solidarity
Party (CSP) Azerbaijan Communist
Party New Equality Party Azerbaijan National
Independence Party Others Independents |
115 4 3 1 2 75 6 3 2 2 2 6 29 |
>60% 99% 10% 9% 76.1% 11.6% 8.1% |
|
Belarus |
6 |
1994
Presidential 1995
Legislative[4] /260 198
filled 2000
Legislative /110 2001
Presidential |
Alexander Lukashenko Vyacheslav Kebich Communist Party of
Belarus Agrarian Party of Belarus United Civic Party of
Belarus Party of Popular Accord All-Belarusan Party of
People’s Unity and Accord Belarusan Social
Democratic Party Belarusan Patriotic
Movement Belarusan Ecological
Party Belarusan Green Party Republican Party of Labor
and Justice Belarusan Peasant’s Party Belarusan People’s Party Belarusan Social Sporting
Party Unaffiliated Communist Party of
Belarus Agrarian Party of Belarus Republican Party of Labor
and Justice Liberal Democratic Party
of Belarus Social Democratic Party
of Popular Accord Belarusian Social
Sporting Party Independents Vacant Alexander Lukashenko Uladzimir Hancharyk
(Democratic “five”) |
42 33 9 8 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 95 6 5 2 1 1 1 81 13 |
>80%[5] 14% 75.6% 15.4% |
|
Burkina-Faso |
4 |
1992 Legislative[6] /107 1997 Legislative /111 1998 Presidential |
Organization for People’s
Democracy-Labor Movement National Convention of
Progressive Patriots-Social Democratic Party African Democratic
Assembly Alliance for Democracy
and Federation Others Congress for Democracy
and Progress (CDP) Party for Democracy and
Progress African Democratic Rally Alliance for Democracy
and Federation Blaise Compaoré (CDP) Ram Ouédraogo (Union of
Greens for the Development of Burkina) Frederic Guirma (Front of
Refusal of the Democratic African Assembly) |
78 12 6 4 7 101 6 2 2 |
68.6% 10.1% 87.5% 6.6% 5.9% |
|
Cambodia |
5.5 |
1993
Legislative /120 1998
National Assembly /122 |
Funcinpec Party (FP) Cambodian People’s Party
(CPP) Buddhist Liberal
Democratic Party National Liberation
Movement of Kampuchea Cambodian People’s Party Funcinpec Party Sam Rainsy Party |
58 51 10 1 64 43 15 |
45.5% 38.2% 41.4% 31.7% 14.3% |
|
Cameroon |
6 |
1988 Legislative /180 1992 Presidential[7] 1992 Legislative /180 1997 Presidential 1997 Legislative[8] /180 |
Cameroon People’s Democratic
Movement (RDPC) (only party) Paul Biya (RDPC) John Fru Ndi (SDF) Maigari Bello Boúba
(National Union for Democracy and Progress) Democratic Rally of the
Cameroon People (RDPC) National Union for
Democracy and Progress Cameroon People’s Union Movement for Democracy
and the Republic Paul Biya (RDPC) Democratic Rally of the
Cameroon People (RDPC) Social Democratic Front
(SDF) National Union for
Democracy and Progress Cameroonian Democratic
Union Movement for Democracy
and the Republic Movement for the
Liberation of Cameroonian Youth |
180 88 68 18 6 109 43 13 5 1 1 |
39.98% 35.97% 19.22% 92.6% |
|
Central African Republic |
4.5 |
1993 Presidential 1993 Legislative[9] /85 1998 Legislative /109 1999 Presidential |
Ange-Félix
Patassé (MLPC) Abel Goumba (CFD) Central African People’s
Liberation Movement (MLPC) Consultative Group of
Democratic Forces Patriotic
Front for Progress Alliance
for Democracy and Progress National
Convention Democratic
Movement for the Renaissance and Evolution of Central Africa Central African
Democratic Rally Liberal Democratic Party Social Democratic Party Central African
Republican Party Civic Forum Social Evolution Movement
of Black Africa Independents Liberation Movement of
the Central African People (MLPC) Central African
Democratic Rally (RDC) Movement for Democracy
and Development (MDD) Patriotic Front for
Progress (FPP) Social Democratic Party
(PSD) Alliance for Democracy
and Progress (ADP) Party for National Unity
(PUN) Liberal Democratic Party
(PLD) Democratic Forum for
Modernity (FODEM) Civic Forum People’s Union for the
Republic Independents Ange-Félix Patassé (MLPC) André-Dieudonné Kolingba
(RDC) David Dacko (MDD) |
34 17 7 6 3 1 13 7 3 1 1 1 8 47 20 8 7 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 7 |
53.49% 46.51% 51.6% 19.3% 11.1% |
|
Chad |
5.5 |
1996 Presidential 1997 Legislative /125 2001 Presidential |
Idriss Deby (Patriotic
Salvation Front) Lt. Col. Wadal Abdelkader
Kamougue (Union for Renewal and Democracy) Patriotic Salvation
Movement Union for Renewal and
Democracy National Union for
Development and Renewal Union for Democracy and
the Republic Rally for Democracy and
Progress Party for Freedom and
Development National Alliance for
Development Action for Unity and
Socialism National Convention for
Social Democracy Front of Action Forces
for the Republic Idriss Deby (Patriotic
Salvation Front) Ngarlejy Yorongar |
65 29 15 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 |
69.1%[10] 30.9% 55% 31% 63.2% 16.4% |
|
Colombia |
4 |
1994 Presidential 1994 Lower House /163 1994 Upper House /102 1998 Presidential 1998 Lower House /161 1998 Upper House /102 |
Ernesto Samper Pizano
(PL) Andres Pastrana Arango Liberal Party (PL) Social Conservative Party Democratic Alliance National Salvation
Movement Indigenous Minority Others Liberal Party Social Conservative Party Democratic Alliance Indigenous Others Andres Pastrana Arango Horacio Serpa Uribe Liberal Party (PL) Social Conservative Party Others Liberal Party (PL) Social Conservative Party National Conservative
Movement Others |
89 56 2 2 2 2 10 52 21 1 2 26 98 52 11 51 26 8 17 |
50.26% 48.15% 50.34% 46.58% |
|
Comoros |
5 |
1987 Legislative 1993 Legislative[11] /42 1996 Legislative /43 1996 Presidential |
Union for Comoran
Progress (only party) Rally for Democracy and
Renewal Forum for National
Recovery National Rally for
Development National Front for
Justice Independents Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim |
42 24 18 39 3 1 |
64%[12] |
|
Congo (Brazzaville) |
4.5 |
1989 Legislative 1992 Presidential 1993 Assembly[13] /125 |
Congolese Labor Party
(PCT) PCT affiliated groups unaffiliated Pascal Lissouba[14] Bernard Kolelas Presidential Tendency Pan-African
Union for Social Democracy Rally
for Democracy and Development Union
of Democratic Forces Congolese
Party for Reconstruction Union
for Congolese Democracy Union
for Development and Social Progress Others Opposition Coalition Congolese
Movement for Democracy and Integral Development Congolese
Labor Party Rally
for Democracy and Social Progress Union
for Democratic Renewal Pro-PCT
independent |
59 66 8 65 47 6 3 2 1 1 5 56 28 15 10 2 1 |
61% 39% |
|
Cote D'Ivoire |
4.5 |
1985 Legislative /175 1990 Presidential 1990 Legislative /175 1995 Presidential 1995 Legislative (including 1996 by-elections) /175 2000 Presidential 2000 Legislative /196 |
Democratic Party of the
Ivory Coast (PDCI) Félix Houphouët-Boigny Laurent Gbagbo (FPI) Democratic Party of the
Ivory Coast Ivorian Popular Front
(FPI) Ivorian Worker’s Party Independents Henri Konan Bedié
(Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast) Democratic Party of the
Ivory Coast Rally of Republicans Ivorian Popular Front Laurent Gbagbo (FPI) Robert Guéď Popular Front Party (FPI) Democratic Party
(PDCI-RDA) Ivorian Workers Party
(PIT) |
175 163 9 1 2 148[15] 14 13 96 77 4 |
81.7% 18.3% >90%[16] 59.4% 32.7% |
|
Djibouti |
4.5 |
1993 Presidential 1997 Legislative[17] /65 1999 Presidential |
Hassan
Gouled Mohamed
Jama People’s
Rally for Progress (RPP)/ Front
for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) Ismael
Omar (RPP) Moussa
Ahmed |
65 |
60.76% 22.03% 78.6% 74.44% 25.56% |
|
East Timor |
4 |
2001 Legislative /88 |
Revolutionary Front of an
Independent East Timor (Fretilin) Democratic Party (PD) Social-Democratic Party
(PSD) Timorese Social
Democratic Association (ASDT) Timorese Democratic Union
(UDT) National Timorese Party
(PNT) Klibur Oan Timor Asuwain
(KOTA) People’s Party of Timore
(PPT) Christian Democratic
Party (PCD) Socialist Party of Timor
(PST) Liberal Party (PL) Christian Democratic
Party of Timor (PCDT) |
55 7 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 |
57.4%[18] 8.7% 8.2% 7.8% |
|
Egypt |
6 |
1987 Legislative 1990 Legislative /454 1995 Legislative /454 2000 Legislative /454 |
National Democratic Party
(NDP) “Islamists” Socialist Labor Party
(SLP) Liberal Socialist Party New Wafd Party Independents National Democratic Party
(NDP) National Progressive
Unionist Party Independents National Democratic Party
(NDP) New Wafd Party National Progressive
Unionist Party Liberal Socialist Party Nasserist Party Independents National Democratic Party
(NDP) New Wafd Party National Progressive
Unionist Party Nasserist Party |
346 37 20 3 35 7 348 6 83 317 6 5 1 1 114 388[19] 7 6 3 |
72% |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
6.5 |
1993 Legislative /80 1996 Presidential 1999 Legislative /80 |
Democratic Party of
Equatorial Guinea (PDGE) Social Democratic and
Popular Convention Social Democratic Union Liberal Democratic
Convention Teodoro Obiang (PDGE) Democratic Party of
Equatorial Guinea (PDGE) People’s Union (UP) Convergence for a Social
Democracy (CPDS) |
68 6 5 1 75 4 1 |
97.85% 85.5% 6.4% 5.3% |
|
Ethiopia |
5.5 |
1987
Legislative 1994
Legislative /547 2000
Legislative /547 |
Workers Party of Ethiopia
(WPE) Ethiopian Revolutionary
People’s Democratic Front (EPRDF) Others Independents Ethiopian Revolutionary
People’s Democratic Front (EPRDF) |
483 46 8 479 |
|
|
Fiji |
3.5 |
2001 Lower House /71 |
Fiji Labor Party United Fiji Party National Federation Party Conservative Alliance
Party New Labor Unity Party United General Party Independents |
27 32 1 6 2 1 2 |
|
|
Gabon |
4.5 |
1985
Legislative 1990
Legislative[20] /120 1993
Presidential 1996/7
Legislative[21] /120 1998
Presidential 2001
Legislative |
Gabonese Democratic Party
(PDG) Gabonese Democratic Party
(PDG) National Rally of
Woodcutters (RNB) Gabonese Progress Party
(PGP) National Rectification
Movement—Originals Gabonese Socialist Union Union of Gabonese People Circle for Renovation and
Progress El
Hadj Omar Bongo Paul
Mba Abessole (RNB) Gabonese Democratic Party
(PDG) National Rally of
Woodcutters (RNB) Gabonese Progress Party
(PGP) Circle of Liberal
Reformers Gabonese Socialist Union African Forum for
Reconstruction Circle for Renovation and
Progress Congress for Democracy
and Justice Democratic and Republican
Alliance Union of Gabonese People National Rectification
Movement—Originals Rally for Democracy and
Progress Independents Omar Bongo (PDG) Pierre Mamboundou (Union
of Gabonese People) Gabonese Democratic Party
(PDG) National Rally of
Woodcutters (RNB) Gabonese Progress Party
(PGP) Social Democratic Party Union of the People of
Gabon Independents Vacant |
111 63 20 18 7 4 4 1 82 12 8 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 85 6 3 2 1 11 12 |
51.18% 26% 66.6% 17% |
|
Gambia |
5 |
1987
Legislative 1992
Presidential 1992
Legislative /50 36 elected 1996
Presidential[22] 1997
Legislative /50 2001
Presidential 2002
Legislative /53 |
People’s Progressive Party
(PPP) National Convention Party
(NCP) Dawda Jawara (PPP) People’s Progressive
Party (PPP) National Convention Party
(NCP) Gambia People’s Party
(GPP) Independents Yahya Jammeh (Alliance
for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction) Ousainou Darboe (UDP Alliance for Patriotic
Reorientation and Construction United Democratic Party
(UDP) National Reconstruction
Party People’s Democratic
Organization for Independence and Socialism Independents Yahya Jammeh Ousainou Darbou Hamat Bah Alliance for Patriotic
Reorientation and Construction Others Appointed |
31 5 25 6 2 3 33 7 2 1 2 45 3 5 |
58.5% 56% 36% 52% 34% 52.96% 32.67% 7.80% |
|
Georgia |
4 |
1995 Presidential 1995 Legislative[23] /235 1999 Legislative /235 2000 Presidential |
Eduard Shevardnadze (SMK) Citizens Union of
Georgians National Democratic Party All Georgian Union of
Revival Progress Bloc Socialist Party of
Georgia Political Union Tanadgoma Bloc Reformers Union of
Georgia-National Concord Union of Georgian
Traditionalists All-Georgian Political
Association Lemi Union for a Law Governed
State United Republican Party Abkhazian Delegates Independents Citizen’s Union of
Georgians (SMK) All-Georgian Union for
Revival (SSAK) Industry Will Save Georgia
(IWSG) Georgian Labor Party
(Shromis) National-Democratic
Alliance-Third Way (NDA-III) Popular Party-Didgori
(PP-D) United Communist Party
and Worker’s Union (UCP-WU) Non-partisans Abkhazian Delegates Eduard Shevardnadze (SMK) Dzhumber Patiashvili Kartlos Gharibashvili
(SEKP) |
107 34 32 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 12 29 130 64 15 2 16 12 |
76.8% 41.7% 25.2% 7.1% 6.7% 4.5% 4.1% 1.4% 79.8% 16.7% 0.3% |
|
Guinea |
5.5 |
1980
Legislative 1995
Legislative /114 1998
Presidential |
Democratic Party of
Guinea (PDG) Party of Unity and
Progress Rally of the Guinean
People Party of Renewal and
Progress Union for the New
Republic National Union for the
Prosperity of Guinea Democratic Party of
Guinea—African Democratic Rally Democratic Party of
Guinea—Ahmed Sekou Touré Djama Party Union for the Progress of
Guinea Lansana Conte Mamadou Boye Ba (Union
for Progress and Renewal) Alpha Condé (Rally of the
Guinean People) |
210 71 19 9 9 2 1 1 1 1 |
56.1% 24.6% 16.6% |
|
Guinea-Bissau |
4.5 |
1994 Presidential 1994 Legislative /100 1999 Presidential 1999 Legislative /102 |
Joăo Bernardo Vieira
(PAIGC) Kumba Yalla (PRS) African Independence
Party of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) Resistance of
Guinea-Bissau Bafatá Movement (RGB) Party for Social Renewal
(PRS) Union for Change (UM) Front of Struggle for the
Liberation of Guinea Kumba Ialá (PRS) Malam Bacai Sanhá (PAIGC) Party for Social Renewal
(PRS) Resistance of
Guinea-Bissau Bafatá Movement (RGB) African Independence
Party of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) Democratic Alliance (AD) Union for Change (UM) Democratic Social Front
(FDS) National Union for
Democracy and Progress (UNDP) |
62 19 12 6 1 38 28 24 4 3 3 1 1 |
46.0% 21.9% 72.0% 28.0% |
|
Haiti |
6 |
2000 Presidential 2000 Lower House /83 2000 Upper House /27 |
Jean-Bertrand Aristide
(FL) Arnold Dumas Evan Nicolas Lavalas Family (FL) Christian Movement for
Fighting a New Haiti (Mochrena) Open the Gate Party (PLB) Space of Concertation (E) Grandans Resistance
Coordination (Eskanp-Korega) Organization of
Struggling People (OPL) Independents Water Fall Family (FL) Open the Gate Party (PLB) Others |
73 3 2 2 1 1 1 26 1 1 |
91.8% 2.0% 1.6% |
|
Indonesia |
3.5 |
1987
Legislative 1992
Legislative[24] /400
elected 100
appointed by president 1997
Legislative /425 1999
Legislative /462 |
Golkar United Development Party Indonesian Democratic
Party Golkar United Development Party Indonesian Democratic
Party Golkar United Development Party Indonesian Democratic
Party Indonesian Democratic
Party of Struggle (PDI-P) Golkar Party National Awakening Party National Mandate Party United Development Party |
299 61 40 281 63 56 325 89 11 153 120 51 34 58 |
74.5% 22.43% 3.07% 35.4% 19.7% 16.5% 6.9% 10.1% |
|
Iran |
6 |
1997 Presidential 2000 Legislative /270 2001 Presidential |
Mohammad Khatami 2nd Khordad
Front (Reformers) The Followers of the Line
of Imam and the Leader (Conservatives) Executives of Construction
(Centrists) Mohammed Khatami Ahmad Tavakoli Ali Shamkhani |
189 |
69% 78.3% 15.9% 2.7% |
|
Jordan |
5 |
1989
Legislative /80 1993
Legislative /80 1997
Legislative[25] /80 |
Muslim Brotherhood “Islamists” “leftish opposition” “tribal groups” Islamic Action Front Jordanian National
Alliance Party Awakening Party Homeland Party Pledge Party Jordanian Arab Democratic
Party Future Party Jordanian Arab Socialist
Baath Party Jordanian Progressive
Democratic Party Jordanian People’s
Democratic Party Jordanian Socialist
Democratic Party Independents “Tribal Candidates” “Islamists” |
20 12 11 17 16 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 47 68 12 |
|
|
Kazakhstan |
5.5 |
1991
Presidential 1994
Legislative /177 1995
Legislative /67 1999
Presidential[26] 1999
Legislative /77 |
Nursultan Nazarbayev People’s Unity of
Kazakhstan Union Confederation of Kazakh
Trade Unions People’s Congress of
Kazakhstan Socialist Party of
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Peasant’s
Union Republican People’s
Slavic Movement-Harmony Others “State List” independents vacant People’s Party of
Kazakhstan Unity December National
Democratic Party Kazakhstan Agrarian Union Confederation of Kazakh
Trade Unions Communist Party of
Kazakhstan Others Nursultan Nazarbayeve
(Party of People’s Unity of Kazakhstan) Serikbolsyn Abdildin
(Communist Party of Kazakhstan) Gany Kasymov Republic Political Party
Otan (OTAN) Civil Party of Kazakhstan Communist Party of
Kazakhstan (CPK) Popular Cooperative Party
of Kazakhstan |
33 11 9 8 4 4 6 42 59 1 24 12 5 5 2 19 23 13 3 1 |
99% 79.8% 11.7% 4.6% |
|
Kenya |
5.5 |
1988
Legislative 1992
Presidential 1992
Legislative /188 1997
Presidential[27] 1997 Legislative[28] /222 |
Kenya African National
Union (KANU) Daniel arap Moi (KANU) Kenneth Matiba Mwai Kibaki (DP) Oginga Odinga (FORD-K) Kenya African National
Union (KANU) Forum for the Restoration
of Democracy—Asili (FORD-A) Forum for the Restoration
of Democracy—Kenya (FORD-K) Democratic Party (DP) Kenya Social Congress Kenya National Congress Party of Independent
Candidates of Kenya Daniel
arap Moi (KANU) Mwai
Kibaki (DP) Oginga
Odinga (NDP) Kenya African National
Union Democratic Party National Development
Party Forum for the Restoration
of Democracy—Kenya Social Democratic Party Safina Forum for the Restoration
of Democracy—People Shirikisho Kenya Social Congress Forum for the Restoration
of Democracy—Asili |
123 100 31 31 23 1 1 1 113 41 22 18 16 6 3 1 1 1 |
36.4% 26% 19.5% 17.5% 41% 31% 11% |
|
Kuwait |
4.5 |
1999 Legislative /50 |
Only non-partisans
allowed to run |
|
|
|
Kyrgyzstan |
5.5 |
1995 Presidential 2000 Presidential |
Askar
Akayev Askar
Akayev Omurbek
Tekebaev Almaz
Atembaev |
|
75% 74.49% 13.88% 6.00% |
|
Lesotho |
4 |
1993 Legislative[29] /65 1998 Legislative /80 |
Basotho Congress Party Lesotho Congress for
Democracy (LCD) Basotho National Party (BNP) Vacant |
65 78 1 1 |
60.7% 24.5% |
|
Liberia |
6 |
1997 Presidential 1997 Upper House /26 1997 Lower House /64 |
Charles Taylor (NPP) Ellen Sirleaf (UP) Alhaji Kromah (ALCOP) National Patriotic Party
(NPP) Unity Party (UP) All Liberia Coalition
Party (ALCOP) National Patriotic Party
(NPP) Unity Party (UP) All Liberia Coalition
Party (ALCOP) Alliance of Political Parties United People’s Party
(UPP) Liberian People’s Party
(LPP) |
21 3 2 49 7 3 2 2 1 |
75.3% 9.6% 4% |
|
Macedonia |
4 |
1994 Presidential 1994 Legislative /120 1998 Legislative /120 1999 Presidential |
Kiro Gligorov (SDSM) Social Democratic League
of Macedonia (SDSM) Reform Forces of
Macedonia-Liberal Party Party for Democratic
Prosperity Socialist Party of
Macedonia People’s Democratic Party Democratic Party of
Macedonia Democratic Party of Turks
in Macedonia and Party for Democratic Action-Islamic Way Party for Total
Emancipation of Romanies in Macedonia Social Democratic Party
of Macedonia Independents Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity
(VMRO-DMPNE) and Democratic Alternative (DA) Social Democratic League
of Macedonia (SDSM) Democratic Prosperity
Party (PDP) Democratic Party of
Albanians (PDS) Liberal Democratic Party
(LDP) and Democratic Party of Macedonia (DPM) Others Tito Petkovski (SDSM) Boris Trajkovski
(VMRO-DMPNE) |
58 29 10 8 4 1 1 1 1 7 59 29 14 11 4 3 |
78.4% 45.9% 52.9% |
|
Malaysia |
5 |
1986 Legislative 1990 Legislative /180 1995 Legislative[30] /192 1999 Legislative /193 |
National Front United
Malays National Organization Malaysian
Chinese Association Malaysian
Indian Congress Malaysian
People’s Movement Sarawak
National Front Parties Sabah
National Front Parties Democratic Action Party Pan-Malaysian Islamic
Party Independents National Front United
Malays National Organization Malaysian
Chinese Association Malaysian
Indian Congress Malaysian
People’s Movement Sabah
National Front Parties Sarawak
National Front Parties Democratic Action Party Sabah United Party Spirit of ‘46 Pan-Malaysian Islamic
Party Independents National Front United
Malays National Organization Malaysian
Chinese Association Sarawak
National Front Parties Malaysian
Indian Congress Malaysian
People’s Movement Sabah
National Front Parties Democratic Action Party
(DAP) Sabah United Party (PBS) Pan-Malaysian Islamic
Party (PAS) Spirit of ‘46 Barisan Nasional (BN) Democratic Action Party National Justice Party Pan Malaysian Islamic
Party Bersatu Sabah (PBS) |
148 83 17 6 5 22 15 24 1 4 127 71 18 6 5 6 21 20 14 8 7 4 162 88 30 26 7 7 4 9 8 7 6 148 10 5 27 3 |
63% |
|
Maldives |
5.5 |
1999 Legislative /48 |
No parties |
|
|
|
Mauritania |
5 |
1992 Legislative /79 1996 Legislative[31] /79 1997 Presidential 2001 Legislative /81 (79?) |
Democratic and Social
Republican Party (PRDS) Mauritanian Renewal Party Rally for Democracy and
Unity Independents Democratic and Social
Republican Party (PRDS) Action for Change Rally for Democracy and
Unity Independents Maaouya Ould Sid’Ahmed
Taya (PRDS) Democratic and Social
Republican Party (PRDS) Union of Forces for
Progress (UFP) Action for Change (AC) Rally for Democracy and
Unity (RDU) Mauritanian Popular Front
(MPF) |
67 1 1 10 70 1 1 7 64 4 4 3 1 |
90.2% |
|
Mexico |
2.5 |
1991 Upper House /64 1991 Lower House /500 1994 Presidential 1994 Upper House /128 1994 Lower House /500 1997 Senate[32] /128 1997 Chamber of Deputies[33] /500 2000 Presidential 2000 Senate /128 2000 Chamber of Deputies /500 |
Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI) National Democratic Front
Institutional Revolutionary
Party (PRI) National Democratic Front National Action Party
(PAN) Ernesto
Zedillo (PRI) Diego
Fernandez de Cevallos (PAN) Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI) National Action Party
(PAN) Party of the Democratic
Revolution (PRD) Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI) National Action Party
(PAN) Party of the Democratic
Revolution (PRD) Workers Party (PT) Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI) National Action Party
(PAN) Party of the Democratic
Revolution (PRD) Mexican Green Ecologist
Party (PVEM) Workers Party (PT) Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI) National Action Party
(PAN) Party of the Democratic
Revolution (PRD) Mexican Green Ecologist
Party (PVEM) Workers Party (PT) Vicente Fox (Alliance for
Change-PAN+PVEM) Francisco Labastida (PRI) Cuahtemoc Cardenas
(Alliance for Mexico) Alliance for Change Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI) Alliance for Mexico Alliance for Change Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI) Alliance for Mexico |
60 4 260 139 101 95 25 8 300 119 71 10 77 33 16 1 1 239 121 125 8 7 51 61 17 221 211 68 |
50.13% 26.69% 43.43% 36.88% 17.00% |
|
Morocco |
5 |
1984 Legislative 1993 Legislative[34] /333 1997 Legislative[35] /325 |
Constitutional Union National Assembly of
Independents Popular Movement Istiqlal Socialist Union of
Popular Forces National Democratic Party Moroccan Labor Union Democratic Confederation
of Labor General Union of Moroccan
Workers Party of Progress and
Socialism Organization for
Democratic and Popular Action Social Center Party Constitutional Union Socialist Union of
Popular Forces Popular Movement Istiqlal National Assembly of
Independents Popular National Movement National Democratic Party
Party of Progress and
Socialism Democratic Party for
Independence Action Party Organization of
Democratic and Popular Action Independents Socialist Union of
Popular Forces (USFP) Constitutional Union (UC) National Assembly of
Independents (RNI) Popular Movement (MP) Independence Party (IP) Democratic and Social
Movement (MDS) Popular National Movement
(MNP) National Democratic Party
(PND) Popular Constitutional
and Democratic Movement (MPCD) Democratic Forces Front
(FFD) Party of Renewal and
Progress (PPS) Socialist Democratic
Party (PSD) Organization for Popular
Democratic Action (OADP) Action Party (PA) Democratic Party for
Independence (PDI) |
83 61 47 41 36 24 5 3 2 2 1 1 54 52 51 50 41 25 24 10 9 2 2 4 57 50 46 40 32 32 19 10 9 9 9 5 4 2 1 |
|
|
Mozambique |
3.5 |
1994 Presidential 1994 Legislative /250 1999 Presidential 1999 Legislative /250 |
Joaquim Alberto Chissamo
(Frelimo) Afonso Marceta Macacho
Dhlakama (Renamo) Liberation Front of
Mozambique (Frelimo) Mozambican National
Resistance (Renamo) Democratic Union of
Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissamo
(Frelimo) Afonso Marceta Macacho
Dhlakama (Renamo) Liberation Front of
Mozambique (Frelimo) Mozambican National
Resistance (Renamo) |
129 112 9 133 117 |
53.7% 33.7% 52.3% 47.7% 48.5% 38.8% |
|
Niger |
4 |
1989
Legislative 1993
Presidential 1993
Legislative /83 1995
Legislative /83 1996
Presidential 1996
Legislative[36] /83 1999
Presidential 1999
Legislative /83 |
National Movement for the
Developing Society (MNSD) (only party) Mahamane Ousmane
(Democratic and Social Convention) Tandja Mamadou (National
Movement for a Developing Society) National Movement for a
Developing Society-Victory Democratic and Social
Convention-Rahama Nigerien Party for
Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya Nigerien Alliance for
Democracy and Progress-Zamanlahia Party for National Unity
and Development-Salama Union for Democracy and
Social Progress-Amana Nigerien Social
Democratic Party-Alheri Nigerien Democratic
Front-Mountounchi Union of Democratic
Patriots and Progressives-Shamuwa Democratic Union of
Progressive Forces-Sawaba National Movement for a
Developing Society-Victory Democratic and Social
Convention-Rahama Nigerien Party for
Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya Nigerien Alliance for
Democracy and Progress-Zamanlahia Party for National Unity
and Development-Salama Union for Democracy and
Social Progress-Amana Nigerien Social
Democratic Party-Alheri Nigerien Democratic
Front-Mountounchi Union of Democratic Patriots
and Progressives-Shamuwa Democratic Union of
Progressive Forces-Sawaba Ibrahim Bare Mahamane Ousmane Tandja Mamadou Mahamadou Issoufou Moumouni Amadou National Union of
Independents for Democratic Renewal (UNIRD) Nigerian Alliance for
Democracy and Social Progress—Zaman
Lahiya (ANDPS-Z) Union of Democratic
Patriots and Progressives—Chamoua
(UPDP-S) Union for Democracy and
Social Progress—Amana (UDPS-A) Party for People’s
Dignity—Daraja (DARAJA) Workers’ Movement Party—Albarka (PMT-A) Movement for Democracy
and Progress—Alkawaly (MDP-A) Independents Tandja Mamadou Mahamadou Issoufou National Movement for a
Developing Society (MNSD) Democratic and Social
Convention Nigerien Party for
Democracy and Socialism Rally for Democracy and
Progress Nigerien Alliance for
Democracy and Progress |
93 29 24 12 9 3 2 2 1 1 0 29 22 13 11 0 1 1 2 2 2 56 8 4 3 3 2 1 3 38 17 16 8 4 |
54% 46% |