January 2020, Volume 31, Issue 1
Thirtieth Anniversary of Polish Democracy; Forum 2000 Conference; Sixteenth Annual Lipset Lecture; Awards to Ilham Tohti; Vladimir Bukovsky (1942–2019); Reporters Without Borders Prize; NED’s International Forum.
October 2019, Volume 30, Issue 4
Estoril Political Forum; Ethiopia: From Autocracy to Democracy Conference; International Press Freedom Award; Exporting Repression Technology; NED’s International Forum.
July 2019, Volume 30, Issue 3
NED’s Democracy Award; World Uyghur Congress; Oslo Freedom Forum; and NED’s International Forum.
April 2019, Volume 30, Issue 2
New School Conference; Stanford Conference on Global Populisms; International Campaign for Tibet; Nadia Diuk; and NED’s International Forum
January 2019, Volume 30, Issue 1
Forum 2000 Foundation Conference; National Democratic Institute 35th Anniversary Gala; Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought; Lantos Foundation Human Rights Prize; NED's International Forum
October 2018, Volume 29, Issue 4
Taiwan Foundation for Democracy; Award Given to Nepali Activist; Nelson Mandela Lecture; Havel Library Foundation Honors Liao Yiwu; International Press Institute Award; Team Populism; Ghanaian Scholar Honored; NED’s International Forum
July 2018, Volume 29, Issue 3
NED's Democracy Award; Assisting Scholars at Risk; Report on Elections and Human Rights; Pierre Hassner (1933–2018); Confronting Disinformation; NED's International Forum
April 2018, Volume 29, Issue 2
Forum Report on “Sharp Power”; Hong Kong Democracy Activists Released; Democracy and Development in West Africa; Geneva Summit for Human Rights; Honoring Boris Nemtsov; NED’s International Forum
October 2017, Volume 28, Issue 4
Interview with Ivan Krastev; Ghanaian Scholar Honored; Electoral Integrity in Latin America; Russia’s Opposition in Focus; Scholars at Risk Director Recognized; NED’s International Forum
July 2017, Volume 28, Issue 3
NED’s Democracy Award; Launch of Haleh Esfandiari Forum; Conference on Human-Rights Scholarship; International Charlemagne Prize; Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928–2017); Giovanni Sartori (1924–2017); NED’s International Forum
January 2017, Volume 28, Issue 1
Thirteenth Annual Lipset Lecture; Russian City Council Recognizes Boris Nemtsov; NDI and IRI Host Celebration of Democracy; Forum of Former Dissidents and Political Prisoners; IFES Elections Conference; NED’s International Forum
October 2016, Volume 27, Issue 4
Remembering Boris Nemtsov; Dalai Lama Speaks at NED; the Estoril Political Forum; NED’s International Forum
July 2016, Volume 27, Issue 3
Honoring Abdorrahman Boroumand; Justice for Chadians; Global Americans Report; International Forum
April 2016, Volume 27, Issue 2
Geneva Summit on Human Rights; Human Rights in North Korea; Democratic Governance in Latin America; Transparency in Angola; African Female Leaders Honored; Errata; International Forum
January 2016, Volume 27, Issue 1
Nobel Prizes; Eighth Assembly of the World Movement for Democracy; Democracy Award Ceremonies; Twelfth Annual Lipset Lecture; Honoring Human-Rights Defenders; International Forum
October 2015, Volume 26, Issue 4
Virtuous Circles of Governance; Francis Fukuyama Honored with Skytte Award; Supporting Young African Leaders; European Democracy Forums; International Forum
July 2015, Volume 26, Issue 3
NED Democracy Awards; Journalism Awards; World Press Freedom Day; Errata; International Forum
April 2015, Volume 26, Issue 2
Civil Society Center Opens in Prague; Ibrahim Prize for African Leadership; Geneva Human-Rights Summit; Ditchley Conference; Exploring an Agenda for Active Citizenship; Clarification; NED’s International Forum
January 2015, Volume 26, Issue 1
Forum 2000 Conference On October 12–15, the eighteenth Forum 2000 conference took place in Prague and other central European cities. Inspired by Václav Havel, this annual conference brings together leading experts and activists from around the world to examine key democracy-related topics. The 2014 event was organized around the theme “Democracy and Its Discontents: A…
October 2014, Volume 25, Issue 4
Reconsidering the Third Wave On June 23–25, the Institute for Political Studies of the Catholic University of Portugal held its annual political forum in Estoril entitled “Reconsidering the Third Wave of Democratization: 40 Years After the Portuguese Revolution (1974) and 25 Years After the Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989).” The conference featured panels reflecting…
July 2014, Volume 25, Issue 3
NED Democracy Awards On May 29, days prior to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the massacre at Tiananmen Square, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) presented its annual Democracy Awards to imprisoned Chinese democracy activists Liu Xiaobo and Xu Zhiyong. Liu, who in 2010 was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, is serving an eleven-year prison sentence…
April 2014, Volume 25, Issue 2
Robert A. Dahl (1915–2014) On February 5, Robert A. Dahl, Sterling Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Yale University, passed away. Among his many works, Dahl is best known for Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (1961) and Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (1971). He contributed two articles to the Journal during its early years. Dahl served as president…
January 2014, Volume 25, Issue 1
Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) On December 5, as this issue was in its final stages of being readied for press, word came that Nelson Mandela, hero of South Africa’s democratic transition and its first postapartheid president, had passed away at the age of 95. Mandela was one of the greatest democratic leaders of the past century,…
October 2013, Volume 24, Issue 4
NED Democracy Awards On July 17, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) presented its annual Democracy Awards at an event entitled “Our Democratic Future: The Role of Youth in Advancing Democracy.” The four recipients were Zimbabwe’s Glanis Changachirere, 30; Pakistan’s Gulalai Ismail, 26; Russia’s Vera Kichanova, 22; and (posthumously) Cuba’s Harold Cepero (1980–2012). Rosa María…
July 2013, Volume 24, Issue 3
Chinua Achebe (1930–2013) Chinua Achebe died on March 21 from an undisclosed illness. Achebe is best known for his debut novel Things Fall Apart (1958), which has been translated into dozens of languages. In 2007, he was awarded the Man Booker International Prize. In addition to writing novels, short stories, and poetry, Achebe was a prolific essayist…
April 2013, Volume 24, Issue 2
Human-Rights Awards On March 4, during the opening ceremony of the One World human-rights film festival in Prague, People in Need, a Czech NGO, presented its 2012 Homo Homini human-rights award to Intigam Aliyev, a lawyer from Azerbaijan. Aliyev has brought hundreds of cases before the European Court of Human Rights and has won a…
January 2013, Volume 24, Issue 1
7th Assembly of the World Movement for Democracy On October 14–17, the World Movement for Democracy held its Seventh Assembly in Lima, Peru. The Assembly, organized around the theme “Democracy for All: Ensuring Political, Social, and Economic Inclusion,” brought together more than four-hundred participants from more than one-hundred countries. The opening session of the Assembly…
October 2012, Volume 23, Issue 4
Oswaldo Payá (1952–2012) On July 22, Cuban democracy advocate Oswaldo Payá died in a car crash in eastern Cuba. Noting suspicious circumstances and prior threats made against Payá’s life, some suggested that the incident was no accident. Payá organized the Varela Project, which in 2002–2003 submitted more than 25,000 signatures to Cuba’s National Assembly in…
July 2012, Volume 23, Issue 3
Journal of Democracy: Edicão em Português On May 15, the São Paulo– based Fernando Henrique Cardoso Institute hosted a panel discussion to celebrate the launch of an online Portuguese-language edition of the Journal called the Journal of Democracy: Edicão em Português. Participants discussed the relationship between media and democracy in Latin America. Speakers included former Bolivian president Carlos Mesa;…
April 2012, Volume 23, Issue 2
Cuban Dissident Laura Pollán Honored Laura Pollán, a democracy activist and founder of Cuba’s Las Damas de Blanco (Ladies in White), passed away on October 14. On December 14, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) posthumously awarded Pollán its Democracy Service Medal, which was created to “recognize individuals who have made significant contributions to the…
January 2012, Volume 23, Issue 1
Eighth Annual Lipset Lecture Abdou Filali-Ansary, founding director and now professor at the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations at the Aga Khan University in London, delivered the eighth annual Seymour Martin Lipset Lecture on Democracy in the World at the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C., on October 26. The lecture was also given…
October 2011, Volume 22, Issue 4
NED Democracy Award On June 22, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) presented its annual Democracy Award to the people of Tunisia and Egypt who struggled and sacrificed for a democratic future. The award was accepted by Jamel Bettaieb and Zahraa Said. Bettaieb is a Tunisian activist, teacher, and trade unionist from Sidi Bouzid, the…
July 2011, Volume 22, Issue 3
UNESCO World Press Freedom Day; Tibetans Elect New Prime Minister; Statement by Cuban Independent Trade Union Coalition; Citizen Lab Receives Canadian Press Freedom Award; NED’s International Forum
January 2011, Volume 22, Issue 1
Seventh Annual Lipset Lecture; Ion Ratiu Lecture; NED’s International Forum
October 2010, Volume 21, Issue 4
NED Democracy Award On June 10, the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) presented its annual Democracy Award to the Green Movement in Iran. Representatives Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL) spoke at the award ceremony on Capitol Hill. Samantha Power, the National Security Council’s senior director for multilateral affairs, read a statement from President…
July 2010, Volume 21, Issue 3
6th Assembly of the World Movement for Democracy On April 11–14, the World Movement for Democracy (WMD) held its Sixth Assembly in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Assembly, whose theme was “Solidarity Across Cultures: Working Together for Democracy,” brought together more than 550 participants from all global regions. In more than 50 workshops and meetings of WMD networks,…
April 2010, Volume 21, Issue 2
NED Democracy Service Medal for the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet, was awarded NED’s Democracy Service Medal at a ceremony at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., on February 19. James H. Billington, the Librarian of Congress, gave a welcoming address. After his acceptance speech, the Dalai Lama answered…
April 2005, Volume 16, Issue 2
Jan Nowak (1913-2005); Meeting in Bratslava; Human Rights Experts Meet in Seoul; IFES Launches New Magazine; Burmese Democracy and Human Rights; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 2005, Volume 16, Issue 1
Inauguration of Seymour Martin Lipset Lecture Series; New Democracy Index; Europe: A Beautiful Idea?; Carnegie Opens Office In China; Stanford Conference; Wilson Center Transitions Conference; Report on NED’s International Forum.
October 2004, Volume 15, Issue 4
NED Democracy Awards; Conference: The Transatlantic Relationship; The European Profile in Democracy Assistance; Taiwan Foundation Celebrates First Anniversary; In Response to Ivan Krastev; Report on NED’s International Forum.
July 2004, Volume 15, Issue 3
Muslim Democrats meet in Istanbul; Islam and Democracy; Arab Reform Bulletin; IDEA Meeting on Democracy in the Arab World; Tyranny: Ancient and Modern; Civil Society and Political Parties; Human Rights in North Korea; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 2004, Volume 15, Issue 2
3rd Assembly of the World Movement for Democracy; Summit of the Americas; NDI Conference on Women’s Participation; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 2004, Volume 15, Issue 1
President Bush speaks at 20th Anniversary of the NED
October 2003, Volume 14, Issue 4
NED Democracy Awards; Vietnamese Dissident Sentenced; New Publication on Democracy in the Caucasus; Public Opinion Workshop; Liberal Democracy Conference; Evaluating Democracy in South Asia; Report on NED’s International Forum.
July 2003, Volume 14, Issue 3
Masipula Sithole (1946-2003); Human Rights Activist Acquitted; Postponement of World Movement’s Third Assembly; Democracy-Support Foundations Convene in Paris; Islam and Democracy; African Democracy Conferences; Global Corruption Report; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 2003, Volume 14, Issue 2
Chinese Dissident Exiled; Somali Human Rights Defenders Issue Declaration; Cuban Dissident Receives EU Award; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 2003, Volume 14, Issue 1
World Democrats Meet in Seoul; The Retrail of Saad Eddin Ibrahim; NED Democracy Service Medal; Cuban Awarded Civil Courage Prize; Tokyo Democracy Symposium; Report on NED’s International Forum.
October 2002, Volume 13, Issue 4
NED Democracy Awards; EU Conference on Cuba; Scholars at Risk Program Expands; Nigerian Woman Wins Human Rights Award; Report on NED’s International Forum.
July 2002, Volume 13, Issue 3
Romania Hosts Conferences on Democracy; Inaugural Democracy Lecture; Democracy and AIDS; Report on Voter Turnout; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 2002, Volume 13, Issue 2
Hong Kong “Election” Update; Egyptian Activist Released; New Leadership Handbook; Elections in the DRC; Democratic Studies Award; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 2002, Volume 13, Issue 1
Aung San Suu Kyi Honored; Designing Electoral Systems; Conference on Orthodoxy and Democracy; Two African Journalists Receive Awards; Report on NED’s International Forum.
October 2001, Volume 12, Issue 4
Vincente Fox Receives Democracy Award; The Internet and Democracy; News Website on Africa; Human Rights in Latin America; Report on NED’s International Forum.
July 2001, Volume 12, Issue 3
Egyptian Human Rights Activist Sentenced; Human Rights Activists Look Back in Russia; The Internet and Democracy; OSCE Prize for Journalism and Democracy; World Press Freedom Day; Democracy Conference in Thailand; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 2001, Volume 12, Issue 2
Asian Center for Democratic Governance; Human Rights Conference in Russia; Democracy Conference at OAS; International Press Institute Award; North Korean Human Rights Conference; Aung San Suu Kyi Wins Medal of Freedom; Michel Oksenberg (1938-2001); Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 2001, Volume 12, Issue 1
World Movement for Democracy; Awards Recognize Journalists; New Coalition of Asian Democrats; Serbian Wins Civil Courage Prize; Monument Honors Russian Democrat; New Resources on Comparative Democracy; Report on NED’s International Forum.
October 2000, Volume 11, Issue 4
World Democrats Meet in Warsaw On June 25-27, two major gatherings were held in Warsaw. An unprecedented intergovernmental meeting at the foreign minister level brought together 107 nations to discuss enhanced international cooperation for strengthening democracy. In addition to Poland, the co-convening governments included Chile, the Czech Republic, India, Korea, Mali, and the United States.…
July 2000, Volume 11, Issue 3
Journal of Democracy Launches New Website; NED Announces Democracy Award Winners; Constitution-Making for the Commonwealth; Sustaining Democracy in Southern Africa; Congolese Woman Wins Human Rights Award; Asian Center for Democratic Governance; Accountability in Latin America; Legal and Judicial Development; Democratization in Asia; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 2000, Volume 11, Issue 2
Does Federalism Matter?; Conference on Democracy in the South; Liberian Journal of Democracy; Democracy in the New Millennium; Burma Fund Meeting; Report on NED’s International Forum
January 2000, Volume 11, Issue 1
Tenth Anniversary of the Velvet Revolution; Durban Conference Considers Corruption; Third FDL-AP General Assembly; Federalism and Globalization; RFK Human Rights Award; The PRC Turns 50; New School Holds Conference on Roundtables; Report on NED’s International Forum.
July 1999, Volume 10, Issue 3
Remembering Tiananmen Square; NED Honors Nigerian Organization; Open Singapore Centre Established; Global Electoral Organization Meets; NED Tribute to Walêsa and Kirkland; Conference on Protracted Transitions; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 1999, Volume 10, Issue 2
Global Movement for Democracy Launched; Canadian Conference Calls for Peace in Congo; Washington Conferences Consider Corruption; Internet Database on Human Rights in Chinese; Seoul Symposium on Democracy and Markets; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 1999, Volume 10, Issue 1
Human Rights Conference in Warsaw; Dante Fascell (1917-1998); Crisis and Renewal in Africa; Democracy, Inequality and the State; RFK Human Rights Award; Forum 2000; Accountability in Bulgaria; Deep-Rooted Conflict; Report on NED’s International Forum.
October 1998, Volume 9, Issue 4
Conference on Democracy Promotion in Africa; Conference Promotes Civic Education in Asia; Cambodian Groups Awarded Medal of Liberty; Report on NED’s International Forum.
July 1998, Volume 9, Issue 3
1998 Press Freedom Survey; Caribbean Electoral Assistance; European Master’s Degree in Democratization; Norwegian Observers in Albania; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 1998, Volume 9, Issue 2
NED Honors Chinese Dissidents; Turkish Lawyers Honored at RFK Ceremony; Association of Asian Election Authorities Formed; OAS Celebrates Fiftieth Anniversary; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 1998, Volume 9, Issue 1
Forum 2000; NDI Democracy Awards; USAID Conference; Conference on Corruption; Report on NED’s International Forum.
October 1997, Volume 8, Issue 4
Violence Erupts in Congo-Brazzaville; François Furet (1927–1997); Democracy in Africa; Report on NED’s International Forum
July 1997, Volume 8, Issue 3
Ditchley Conferees Examine Transitions; Civic Educators Meet in Pretoria; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 1997, Volume 8, Issue 2
Election Symposium Held in the Philippines; Conference in Morocco Examines Globalization; Human Rights Activists Meets in New Delhi; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 1997, Volume 8, Issue 1
Civic Educators Meet in Buenos Aires; In Remembrance of Claud Ake; Report on NED’s International Forum; Correction.
October 1996, Volume 7, Issue 4
Conference Held in Prague on “Big Government”; Report on NED’s International Forum.
July 1996, Volume 7, Issue 3
NED Honors Taiwan’s President Lee; Hong Kong Legislator Awarded Freedom Prize; The Meaning of Modern Revolution; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 1996, Volume 7, Issue 2
International Meeting on Building Democracy; Symposium Commemorates Marshall Plan; Publication on Promoting Democracy; Report on NED’s International Forum.
January 1996, Volume 7, Issue 1
Dilemmas of Nigerian Democracy Discussed; Briefing Focuses on Transitional Justice; Democracy in the Arab World Examined; Assessing the Communist Legacy; Report on NED’s International Forum.
October 1995, Volume 6, Issue 4
Conference on Third Wave Democracies Held in Taiwan; Conference Examines Options for Africa; New Resource on Democracy Available; Ditchley Foundation Holds Conference on Corruption; Report on NED’s International forum.
July 1995, Volume 6, Issue 3
NED Hosts Fifth World Conference on Democracy; New Bibliography on Democracy Available; Civic Educators Brought Together in Prague; Democratic Governance in the Americas Explored; Conference Focuses on Post-communist Transitions; Civil-Military Relations in Latin America Examined; Meeting of African Women in Politics; International Electoral and Democracy Group Founded; Report on NED’s International Forum.
April 1995, Volume 6, Issue 2
Conference on Democracy Held in Zagreb; Post-Soviet State and Regional Leaders Meet; Political Parties in Modern Democracies Examined; New African Journal on Democracy; Conference Focuses on Ethnic Conflict in Russia; Forecasting the Future of Brazil and Mexico.
January 1995, Volume 6, Issue 1
Chinese Dissidents Honored at RFK Awards Ceremony; NSF Report on Democratization; IPSA Research Committee Formed; Democratization Research Fellowships; Three Conferences Focus on the Americas.
October 1994, Volume 5, Issue 4
Nobel Symposium Looks at Realities of Democratization; Project Examines Mexican, Cuban Democratization; IPSA Members Gather for World Congress in Berlin.
July 1994, Volume 5, Issue 3
Sakharov Archives Established in Moscow; Conference Looks at the Future of American-Arab Relations; Open Society Institute to Fund New Research Facility; Left, Right, and Center; Conference Explores Issues of Democratization in Africa.
April 1994, Volume 5, Issue 2
International Press Institute Meets in South Africa; NED Launches International Forum.
January 1994, Volume 5, Issue 1
Serb and Croat Intellectuals Meet for Roundtable Talks; RFK Award Recipients Discuss Democracy; Conference on African Christianity and Democracy; Review of UN Electoral Assistance Programs; Assistance to Oslobodjenje; Conference Looks at Role of OAS in the Americas; New International Journal Focuses on Group Rights.
October 1993, Volume 4, Issue 4
ASA Convention Focuses on Transitions to Democracy; Essays on Democracy Published in Hungarian; Revisiting Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy.
July 1993, Volume 4, Issue 3
Singapore Conference Looks at Capitalism & Democracy; NED Holds Fourth World Conference; Civil Society in Africa; Leo Labedz (1920-1993).
April 1993, Volume 4, Issue 2
NED Convenes Meeting of Democracy Foundations; IPSA Study Group on Democratization; Center Publishes Newsletter on Arab Civil Society; Nobel Laureates Support Aung San Suu Kyi; Vienna Dialogue on Democracy.
January 1993, Volume 4, Issue 1
Cairo Conference Considers Arab Democracy; Conference Studies Transitional Justice; USIP Preparing Volumes on Transitional Justice; Anthology on Democracy to be Published; Activist Cleric Honored; Conference Discusses Post-Soviet Constitutions.
October 1992, Volume 3, Issue 4
New Developments in Ethiopia; NEH Special Initiative on Democracy; Publications Address Democratization; Center for Party Development Founded.
July 1992, Volume 3, Issue 3
British Set Up Westminster Foundation for Democracy; Elections Held in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kosovo; Strengthening Democracy in Thailand; Conference Focuses on Relationship of Islam and Democracy.
April 1992, Volume 3, Issue 2
Conference for Women Civic Leaders; Mongolia Approves New Constitution; Conferences Face Legacy of Totalitarian Past; Festschrift Honors Seymour Martin Lipset; The Democratic Ideal.
January 1992, Volume 3, Issue 1
Kenya Promises Move to Multiparty System; Paraguayan Constitution Focus of Conference; Scholars Discuss Concept of Civil Society; Turkey Hosts Meeting on Democratization in Middle East; Relationship of Christianity and Democracy Explored; From Leninism to Freedom.
Fall 1991, Volume 2, Issue 4
Central and East European Election Officials Meet in Budapest; Soldiers of the Democratic Revolution; Periodical Examines Corruption; Johns Hopkins Press Now Publishing Journal of Democracy.
Summer 1991, Volume 2, Issue 3
Moscow Hosts Sakharov Congress; Havel, Chamorro Receive Democracy Award; Meeting in Romania on Post-Communist Societies; Civic Leaders Discuss Education for Democracy; Eastern & Central Europe: Democracy’s Dawn
Spring 1991, Volume 2, Issue 2
Coup in Thailand; Chinese Protesters Sentenced; Soviet Democratic Congress Convenes; Freedom in the World; Democratic Transition and Structural Adjustment in Nigeria Examined; Newsletters Focus on Democratic Progress; Journal of Democracy published in Spanish; Charles Guy Gillespie (1958-1991).
Winter 1991, Volume 2, Issue 1
Paz Wins Nobel Prize; Senegal Hosts Conference on African Democracy; Democratization Conference Held in Moscow; Milan Širnečka (1930-1990).
Fall 1990, Volume 1, Issue 4
Human Rights Conference Held in Leningrad; Gorbachev Quotes Friedman on Soviet Economy.
Summer 1990, Volume 1, Issue 3
Conference on Electoral Systems Convenes in Caracas; Books: Preserving and Promoting Democracy.
Spring 1990, Volume 1, Issue 2
Burmese Ban Leading Opposition Candidate; Dissidents Press for Change in Cuba; CSIS Holds Conference on Democratic Transitions; Tanzania’s Nyerere Hints at Multiparty Opening.
Winter 1990, Volume 1, Issue 1
Fang Lizhi Receives Human Rights Award; New Turn in Nigeria’ Democratic Transition; Vietnamese Democratic Activist Recovering; Walesa Helps Free Chilean Labor Leaders; Chile Holds a Conference on Constitutional Change; Christian Democrats Unite in Soviet Union.
