Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes

Larry Diamond

Journal of Democracy, April 2002

Appendix Table 2

Election Results in Hybrid Regimes, 1989-2001

Country	FH Rank[1]	Year	Parties	Number of Seats	Percent of popular vote
Algeria	5.5	1987 Legislative /295 1995 Presidential 1997 Legislative /380 1999 Presidential	National Liberation Front (only legal party) Liamine Zeroual Sheikh Mahfoud Nahna (Islamic Hamas) National Democratic Rally Movement for a Society of Peace National Liberation Front Renaissance Movement Socialist Forces Front Rally for Culture and Democracy Workers’ Party Progressive Republican Party Union for Democracy and Liberty Social Liberal Party Independents Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi	295 156 69 62 34 20 19 4 3 1 1 11	61%[2] 25% 73.8% 12.5%
Angola	6	1986 Legislative 289 1992 Presidential 1992 Legislative /220	Popular Liberation Movement of Angola- Party of Labor (MPLA-PT) (only legal party) Jose Eduardo dos Santos (MPLA-PT) Jonas Savimbi (UNITA) Popular Liberation Movement of Angola- Party of Labor (MPLA-PT) National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) Social Renewal Party National Front for the Liberation of Angola Liberal Democratic Party Angolan Democratic Forum Angolan National Democratic Party Democratic Alliance of Angola Democratic Party for Progress-Angolan National Alliance Democratic Renewal Party Party of the Alliance of Youths, Workers, and Farmers of Angola Social Democratic Party	289 129 70 6 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1	49.57% 40.07% 54% 34%
Antigua and Barbuda	3	1989 Legislative /17 1994 Legislative /17 1999 Legislative /17	Antigua Labor Party (ALP) United National Democratic Party Barbuda People’s Movement Antigua Labor Party (ALP) United Progressive Party Barbuda People’s Movement Antigua Labor Party (ALP) United Progressive Party Barbuda People’s Movement	15 1 1 11 5 1 12 4 1
Armenia	4	1995 Parliamentary[3] /190 1996 Presidential 1998 Presidential 1999 Legislative /131	Republic Bloc Shamiran Women’s Movement Armenian Communist Party National Democratic Union of Armenia National Self-Determination Union Armenia Revolutionary Federation Independents Vacant Levon Ter-Petrosian (Republic Bloc) Vasken Manukian (Democratic Union) Robert Kocharian (independent) Karen Demirchian (Civil Initiative) Unity Bloc Communist Party (HKK) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (HHD) Right and Unity Bloc Country of Law National Democratic Union (AZhM)	120 8 7 5 3 1 45 1 57 10 8 7 6 6	42.7% 16.9% 12.1% 7.5% 5.6% 52% 42% 59.5% 40.5%
Azerbaijan	5.5	1992 Presidential 1993 Presidential 1995/6 Legislative /125 1998 Presidential 2000 Legislative /125	Abdulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev New Azerbaijan Party (YAP) Azerbaijan Popular Front Azerbaijan National Independence Party New Muslim Democratic Party Vacant Heydar Aliyev (New Azerbaijan Party) Etibar Mamedov (Azerbaijan National Independence Party) Nizami Suleymanov (Independent Azerbaijan Party) New Azerbaijan Party (YAP) Azerbaijan Popular Front (AKC) Citizen’s Solidarity Party (CSP) Azerbaijan Communist Party New Equality Party Azerbaijan National Independence Party Others Independents	115 4 3 1 2 75 6 3 2 2 2 6 29	>60% 99% 10% 9% 76.1% 11.6% 8.1%
Belarus	6	1994 Presidential 1995 Legislative[4] /260 198 filled 2000 Legislative /110 2001 Presidential	Alexander Lukashenko Vyacheslav Kebich